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Tiberius III (Greek: Τιβέριος Γʹ Latin: Tiberius, Tiberios III; d. 15 February 706)[2] was Byzantine emperor from 698 to 21 August 705.[3] Although his rule was considered generally successful, especially in containing the Arab conquest to the east, he was overthrown by the former emperor Justinian II and subsequently executed.
Tiberius was a Germanic naval officer from the region of Pamphylia and originally named Apsimar (Αψίμαρος, Apsímaros),[4] who rose to the position of droungarios of the Cibyrrhaeotic Theme.[5] He participated in the failed campaign to regain Carthage in 698. As admiral John the Patrician retreated from Carthage to Crete, the fleet rebelled, deposed and murdered their commander,[5] and chose Apsimaros as his replacement.[6] Changing his name to Tiberius,[7] Apsimaros sailed on Constantinople which was suffering from a plague and proceeded to besiege it.[7]
His revolution attracted the support of the Green faction,[6] as well as detachments from the field army and the imperial guard, and officers loyal to him opened the gates of the city and proclaimed him emperor, after which his troops then proceeded to pillage the city.[7] When he was firmly established on the throne, he commanded that the nose of deposed Emperor Leontius be cut off, and ordered him to enter the monastery of Psamathion.[6] Leontios had also mutilated his predecessor Justinian II in the same fashion three years earlier.[4]
As emperor, Tiberius III made the tactical decision to ignore Africa, where Carthage was now definitively lost.[5] Instead, he appointed his brother Herakleios as monostrategos of the East, who firstly strengthened the land and sea defences of Anatolia[6] before proceeding to attack the Umayyad Caliphate under Abd al-Malik, winning minor victories while raiding into northern Syria in 700 and 701.[8] He then proceeded to invade and for a period hold territory in Armenia, while Arab reprisals in 703 and 704 were repelled from Cilicia with heavy Arab losses.[6]
Success in the military sphere was accompanied by Tiberius's attempt to strengthen the empire militarily by reorganizing its administration.[5] Tiberius then turned his attention to the Island of
Theophanes the Confessor, Chronographia.
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With his capture, Tiberius, together with his brother Heraclius and the former emperor Leontius,[2] were paraded in chains through the city streets before being presented before Justinian in the Hippodrome of Constantinople.[13] There, before a jeering populace, Tiberius's nose was cut off. Justinian placed his feet on the necks of Tiberius and Leontius in a symbolic gesture of subjugation before ordering their execution by beheading.[5] Tiberius's brother, Heraclius, and many of the military commanders under him were subsequently hanged.[14]
Meanwhile, in 704, Justinian II escaped from exile in Cherson,[5]Moore, Busir Glavan.[10] Seeking the aid of the khazars. Justinian led an army with the Khazars to Constantinople. For three days, Justinian tried to convince the citizens of Constantinople to open the gates, but to no avail.[11] In the meantime, his troops had discovered a long abandoned water conduit beneath the city walls, through which Justinian and some of his supporters managed to enter the city.[12] Hearing that Justinian had approached Constantinople in the night, Tiberius fled to Bithynia where he evaded capture for several months.[13]
Domestically, his only known act of note was the banishment of Philippikos Bardanes, the son of a notable patrician, to the island of Cephalonia. Philippikos, a future emperor, had dreamed that his head was overshadowed by an eagle, which Tiberius took to mean that he was planning to rebel against him.[9]
[2] and repaired the sea walls of Constantinople.[1]
Roman Empire, Ottoman Empire, Constantinople, Empire of Trebizond, Christianity
Armenia, Byzantine Empire, Constantine IV, Heraclian Dynasty, Twenty Years' Anarchy
Diocletian, Roman Empire, Sofia, Licinius, Maximian
Byzantine Empire, Justinian II, Tiberios III, Galerius, Isauria
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Nobel Prize in Physics, Philadelphia, 2013, 2014, 1835