Inferno Canto XXX:91-129. The son of the naiad Liriope and the river-god
Cephisus who fell in love with his own beautiful image in a still pool, and was
loved by Echo in vain. He was changed to a flower, the narcissus, and
she wasted away to become an echoing voice. See Ovid’s Metamorphoses III 407.
Paradiso Canto III:1-33. He is
mentioned.
Lucan, in Pharsalia ix 763 and
790, tells of the two soldiers of Cato’s
army who were stung by snakes while marching across Libya. Nasidius swelled so
that his coat of mail gave way, while the other melted.
Inferno Canto XXV:79-151. The story is mentioned.
The Roman poet, Publius Ovidius Naso, born at Sulmo in 43 BC. He was exiled from Augustan Rome in AD8 (for a poem, probably the Ars Amatoria, and
an error, probably an indiscretion concerning Augustus’s wayward daughter
Julia) and died at Tomis on the Black Sea in AD 17. His greatest work is the Metamorphoses, a
retelling of Myths down to his own time, based on the theme of change. This,
the ‘Ovidio Maggiore’ was the main source for Dante’s knowledge of
Mythology, along with Virgil’s Aeneid. (For a modern English translation of the
Metamorphoses, browse or download from OVID AND OTHERS.)
Inferno Canto IV:64-105. He is among the great poets in Limbo.
Inferno Canto XXV:79-151. He is
mentioned by name, his Metamorphoses providing stories of transformations.
Inferno Canto XXIX:37-72. The Plague at Aegina is retold in Ovid’s Metamorphoses VII 523-657. Jupiter restored the population after the plague sent by Juno, by transforming ants into men, called the Myrmidons from the Greek word for an ant. Valdichiano and Maremma in Tuscany, and the island of Sardinia, are also mentioned here for their unhealthiness in summer.
Purgatorio Canto XXII:115-154. Dante refers to the Golden Age, described by Ovid in the Metamorphoses I 103 et seq.
He denounced David’s sins. See Second Samuel xii.
Paradiso Canto XII:106-145. He is in the Fourth Sphere of the Sun.
Paradiso Canto IV:1-63. Nebuchadnezzar I, King of the Babylonian
Empire, (flourished 1137 BC) who
liberated the country from Elamite rule. He besieged and took Jerusalem, and
figures in the Book of Daniel.
Purgatorio Canto XXIII:37-90. She is mentioned.
The sea-god, the son of Saturn and brother of Jupiter and Pluto. He is the Greek Poseidon.
Paradiso Canto XXXIII:49-145. He is mentioned.
Paradiso Canto XV:88-148. One of the ancient Guelph families.
The Centaur, son of Ixion, killed by Hercules,
with an arrow poisoned with the Hydra’s blood, for his attempt to steal and
rape Deianira. He dipped his fatal shirt
in his own, poisoned, blood, and gave it as a gift (a supposed love charm) to
Deianira, who thereby, unwittingly, brought about Hercules’s death.
Inferno Canto XII:49-99. He displays
his usual rashness in the seventh circle.
A member of the Brigata Spendereccia, the Spendthrift Brigade, a
club founded by twelve wealthy Sienese, in the second half of the thirteenth
century, who vied with each other in squandering their money on riotous living.
He appears to have invented a costly dish using cloves.
Inferno Canto XXIX:121-139. He is in the tenth chasm.
The fourth century Bishop of Myra in Lydia who saved the honour of three
poor daughters of a fellow-townsman, by secretly throwing bags of gold through
their window at night, enabling them to marry with a dowry. He is known as St
Nicholas of Bari where his shrine is. (See Legenda Aurea)
Purgatorio Canto XX:1-42. He is mentioned.
Inferno Canto XIX:31-87. Nicholas III, Giovanni Guatani Orsini, Pope
from 1277 to 1280. The Orsini family emblem was a
she-bear. He had to wait 23 years in Hell until the death of Boniface his successor in 1303, who would
in turn wait only eleven years for the death of Clement V. (Benedict XI, in between them,
Pope from 1303-1304 was not given to simony.)
The mighty hunter, son of Cush, grandson of Ham the son of Noah, and
ruler of Babel (Babylon), see Genesis x 9, under whose rule Dante places the
building of the tower of Babel, in the land of Shinar, which God frowned on,
confounding their language, see Genesis xi 4. So Dante has Nimrod speak in an
unintelligible mixture of tongues.
Inferno Canto XXXI:46-81. He is a Giant guarding the central pit.
Purgatorio Canto XII:1-63. He is depicted on the roadway.
Paradiso Canto XXVI:70-142 His people built the tower of Babel.
Inferno Canto V:52-72. The Assyrian king Shamshi-Adad V, King of
Assyria, whom his wife Semiramis
(Sammuramat) was believed to have succeeded, as regent during the minority of
her son from 810-805BC.
The daughter of the Phrygian king Tantalus, and Dione, one of the
Pleiades. The wife of Amphion, king of
Thebes. She roused the wrath of Latona through boasting of her seven sons and
seven daughters. They were slaughtered, and she was turned to stone on Mount
Siphylus in Asia Minor where her statue weeps tears. See Ovid’s Metamorphoses
Vi 172 et seq.
Purgatorio Canto XII:1-63. She is depicted on the roadway.
Inferno Canto I:100-111. The son of Hyrtacus, comrade of Euryalus in the Aeneid. He dies avenging
the death of Euryalus in Aeneid IX.
The builder of the ark, by which mankind survived the great flood. See
the Bible Genesis vi. The type of the pious man.
Inferno Canto IV:1-63. Christ takes his spirit from Limbo into Paradise.
Paradiso Canto XII:1-36. God’s
covenant with him, Genesis ix 8.
Bishop of Feltre, who in 1314 surrendered certain gentlemen of Ferrara, in his protection, to Pino della Tosa who then governed Ferrara as vicar of King Robert, by whom they were killed. Malta was a tower near Padua where Ezzelino held his prisoners, or a Papal prison for criminal priests either at Viterbo, or on the Lake of Bolsena.
Paradiso Canto IX:1-66. He is mentioned.
An illuminator and painter of miniatures. Vasari says he was at Rome in
1295, to illuminate manuscripts, in the Vatican Library, for Pope Boniface VIII, and the work was shared with
Franco of Bologna.
Purgatorio Canto XI:73-117. He is among the proud.
The son of Laius,
and Jocasta who killed his father laius
and married his mother. See Sophocles Theban Trilogy. Themis
was the goddess of Justice, daughter of Heaven and Earth, with oracular powers,
and the Sphinx was her oracular
priestess, who set Oedipus the famous riddle ‘ What goes on four legs in the
morning, two at midday, and three in the evening?’ which he answered correctly
with ‘Mankind’. Themis in anger at the riddle being solved sent a wild beast to
ravage the countryside. Dante says Naiades, instead of Laiades
for Oedipus the son of Laius, following a textual corruption of Ovid’s
Metamorphoses VII 759 et al where the story is referred to.
Purgatorio Canto XXXIII:1-57. She is mentioned.
Inferno Canto XXVII:31-57. Sinibaldo held Forlì in 1300, which had endured
a long siege by the French soldiers of Pope
Martin IV, who were finally routed with great slaughter by Guido da Montefeltro himself. The
family arms were a lion rampant vert on a field or.
The son of Agamemnon and
Clytaemnestra, and brother of Electra,
and Iphigenia, who killed the usurper
Aegisthus, and his mother Clytaemnestra to avenge his father’s murder at their
hands. His friendship with Pylades, the son of Strophius was proverbial.
Pylades offered to take his place when he was condemned to death, see Cicero De Amicitia 7.
Purgatorio Canto XIII:1-45. His is the second voice.
Charlemagne’s nephew, and the
hero of the battle of Roncesvalles, who, went down to defeat with his Franks,
fighting against the Saracens, while attempting to hold the valley in 778AD. He blew his horn in desperation, to alert his
uncle eight miles away, but Charlemagne was misled by the advice of the traitor
Ganelon, and did not provide aid. The
epic is told in the Old French Chanson de Roland, the ‘Song of Roland’,
where the intensity of his blast on the horn shattered it. The defeat allowed
Arab incursions into Narbonne in 793.
Inferno Canto XXXI:1-45. He is mentioned.
Paradiso Canto XVIII:1-57. He is in the Fifth Sphere of Mars.
An ancient Florentine family. See the note to Paradiso Canto XVI.
Paradiso Canto XVI:88-154. Mentioned.
An early fifth century writer, whose Historia adversus Paganos
was an apologetic treatise written at the suggestion of Augustine to show that Christianity had
not ruined the Empire, as Pagans contended.
Paradiso Canto X:100-129. He is in the fourth sphere of Prudence.
The mythical son of the Thracian King Oeagrus and the Muse Calliope (of
epic poetry). He was both poet and musician. He attempted to rescue his wife
Eurydice from Hades but lost her when he broke the injunction not to look back.
He taught the sacred mysteries of the Goddess in defiance of Dionysus and was
torn to pieces by the Maenads. His head floated down the river Hebrus and was
carried to the island of Lesbos. The Muses buried his limbs at Leibethra at the
foot of Olympus where the nightingales sing more sweetly than anywhere else on
earth.
Inferno Canto IV:130-151. He is among the group of wise men in Limbo.
Inferno Canto XIX:31-87. The family emblem was a she-bear. The Pope Nicholas III was of the family.
Henry of Susa became Cardinal Bishop of Ostia in 1261, and was a
commentator on the Decretals. He died in 1271. Studied by those seeking
professional standing.
Paradiso Canto XII:37-105. He is mentioned.
King of Bohemia (1253-1278), but forced to serve under Rudolph
I who asserted his supremacy, when elected Emperor. Ottakar paid homage,
but refused to return Imperial lands, and died at the battle of the Marchfeld
near Vienna in 1278. Ottocar’s son Wenceslas
II (1278-1305)(not the earlier king and Saint) was allowed to retain
Bohemia and Moravia, but had to give up Austria and Styria (Rudolph’s sons Albert and Rudolph were invested with these),
Carinthia and Carniola.
Purgatorio Canto VII:64-136. He is one of the negligent rulers.
Inferno Canto XXVII:31-57. Mainardo Pagano, or Maghinardo Pagano da
Susinana, lord of Faenza on the River Lamone; Imola, near the Santerno; and
Forlì. His arms were a lion azure on a field argent. He was a Ghibelline in the
north (‘state’) and a Guelph in Florence (‘verno’). He died in
1302.
Purgatorio Canto XIV:67-123. He is
mentioned. He was called ‘the devil’ because of his cunning.
A Ghelph of Brescia, Vicar for Charles
of Anjou in Florence (1276), Podestà of Siena (1279) and of Piacenza
(1288).
Purgatorio Canto XVI:97-145. He is mentioned.
An Arcadian prince, the son of Evander, who ruled a city on the site of
Rome, formed an alliance with Aeneas and
was killed by Turnus. See Virgil’s
Aeneid viii-x.
Paradiso Canto VI:1-111. Mentioned in the summary of Imperial history.
Purgatorio Canto V:130-136.The husband of Pia de Tolomei, who caused her
death. See La Pia.
Inferno Canto XXVII:31-57. He was the Ghibelline leader in Rimini, imprisoned by Malatesta da Verrucchio in 1295, and murdered by his son Malatestino.
The Trojan Prince whose abduction of Helen
from Sparta initiated the Trojan War. (See Homer’s
Iliad.) The son of Priam and Hecuba. Paris was involved in judging the merits
of the three goddesses Hera, Athene, and Aphrodite, choosing Aphrodite, Goddess
of Love, as supreme. (The Judgement of Paris). To Dante and the Middle Ages the
type of the great (pagan) lover.
Inferno Canto V:52-72. He is a carnal
sinner in Limbo.
The Greek philosopher, considered by Aristotle
an example of the powers of false-reasoning.
Paradiso Canto XIII:91-142. He is mentioned.
The wife of Minos of Crete, and
mother of the Minotaur, Asterion, whom
she conceived by coupling, concealed in a wooden framework made to look like a
heifer, with a white bull from the sea. See Ovid’s Metamorphoses VIII 132 and
IX 736.
Inferno Canto XII:1-27. Mentioned indirectly.
Purgatorio Canto XXVI:1-66.
Mentioned as an example of lust.
Saul of Tarsus, born about 10AD, Jewish by birth but a Roman citizen. He underwent conversion on the road to Damascus. Acts ix 1-9. He preached at Paphos, Philippi, Athens, Ephesus etc., and was martyred in Rome with Saint Peter on the same day.
Inferno Canto II:1-42. In the medieval Vision of St Paul he enters Hell. He is called the Chosen Vessel in Acts ix 15.
Purgatorio Canto XXIX:133-154. He appears in the Divine Pageant carrying a sword (of the spirit, and of his martyrdom)
Paradiso Canto XVIII:100-136. He is alive in the living religion.
Paradiso Canto XXI:52-142. He was a ‘Chosen Vessel’. See Acts ix 15.
Paradiso Canto XXIV:52-87. Faith is an intellectual virtue to the Catholic Church, and Dante here quotes Saint Paul’s definition in Hebrews xi:1 ‘Faith is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.’
Paradiso Canto XXVIII:94-139. He
was supposed to have revealed the Angelic Hierarchies to Dionysius the Aeropagite.
Camicion, one of the Pazzi of Valdarno, killed his kinsman, Ubertino.
Carlino, still living at the time of the Vision, held the castle of
Piantravigne for the Whites of Florence against the Blacks of Florence and
Lucca, but was bribed to surrender it treacherously to the enemy, causing the
deaths of many of the Bianchi.
Inferno Canto XXXII:40-69. He has a place reserved for him in the Antenora, in the Ninth Circle, as a traitor against his country.
A notorious highwayman of Dante’s time.
Inferno Canto XII:100-139 He is in
the seventh circle.
The son of Aeacus, and father of Achilles by Thetis the sea-goddess.
Inferno Canto XXXI:1-45. Peleus’s spear was given to him by Chiron the Centaur. It was cut from an ash on Mount Pelion. Hephaestus forged its blade, and Athene polished the shaft. At Troy Achilles wounded Telephus with it. He was a king of Mysia and the son of Hercules and the nymph Auge. Rust from the spear, rubbed on the wound, cured it. See Ovid’s Metamorphoses XII 112 and XIII 171.
The wife of Ulysses.
Inferno Canto XXVI:85-142. She is mentioned.
The Amazon queen, the daughter of Otrere and Ares, killed by Achilles when she fought for the Trojans
during the Trojan War. The type of a noble woman. She had sought refuge at Troy
from the Furies after accidentally killing her sister Hippolyte.
Inferno Canto IV:106-129. She is among
the heroes and heroines in Limbo.
An ancient Florentine family. See the note to Paradiso Canto XVI.
Paradiso Canto XVI:88-154. Mentioned.
He made the bronze bull for Phalaris, the tyrant of Sicily. Heated by
fire victims were roasted inside it, Perillus himself being the first victim.
Inferno Canto XXVII:1-30. He is mentioned, indirectly.
Persius Flaccus, the Roman satirist
(34-62AD)
Purgatorio Canto XXII:94-114. He is in Limbo.
Inferno Canto I:112-136. Christ entrusted the keys of the Church to
Peter, as the ‘rock’ on which the Church would be built (Matthew xvi,18). The
Angel at the Gate of Purgatory holds the keys. Peter died at Rome as a martyr
in the persecutions under Nero. His memorial monument at the cemetery on the
Vatican Hill was built about AD160-170. The Bishops of Rome (from Stephen
onwards, bishop AD 254-256), and the Popes, were his successors.
Inferno Canto XIX:88-133. Dante refers to Christ’s injunction to Peter, ‘Follow me’, see Matthew iv 19, and John xxi 19.
Purgatorio Canto IX:106-145. Purgatorio Canto XXI:34-75. The Angel at the Gate of Purgatory hold his two keys to Confession on Peter’s behalf, with instructions to err on the side of leniency with the truly contrite.
Purgatorio Canto XIII:46-84. The shades repeat the Litany of the Saints.
Purgatorio Canto XXII:55-93. He
is Simon Peter, called the Fisherman. See Mark i 16. (‘I will make you to
become fishers of men’)
Purgatorio Canto XXIX:133-154. He appears in the Divine Pageant.
Purgatorio Canto XXXII:64-99. He was present at the Transfiguration, see Matthew xviii 1-8 when Christ shone like the sun in white raiment, and Moses and Elias appeared talking with him, and after they were overcome Christ said ‘Arise, and be not afraid’. Christ is the apple-tree, in accord with the Song of Solomon ii 3, ‘As the apple tree among the trees of the wood, so is my beloved among the sons.’
Paradiso Canto XI:118-139. The Church and Papacy is Peter’s ‘boat’.
Paradiso Canto XVIII:100-136. He is alive in the living religion.
Paradiso Canto XXI:52-142. He was Simon Peter the son of Jona, called Cephas, ‘a stone’ by Christ. See John i 42.
Paradiso Canto XXII:1-99. He is mentioned.
Paradiso Canto XXIII:88-139. He holds the keys of the Faith.
Paradiso Canto XXIV:115-154. See John xx 3-6. Though the other disciple runs more quickly to the tomb of Christ, it is Peter, according to John, who enters it before him.
Paradiso Canto XXXII:115-151. He
sits at the right hand of the Virgin.
Saint Peter Damian, of Ravenna, some time Abbot of the monastery of
Santa Croce di Fonte Avellana in the Apennines, beneath Monte Catria, near
Gubbio. (Dante is said to have found refuge there after the death of Henry VII.) His parents’ poverty lead
to him being exposed as an infant, but he was rescued and educated by his
brother Damian, taking the name Damiani, ‘Damian’s Peter’, He was made Cardinal
Bishop of Ostia in 1058, against his will, by Pope Stephen IX. He styled
himself Peter the Sinner, Petrus peccator, and visited the monastery of
Pomposa on an island at the mouth of the Po, near Commachio. He was an ardent
reformer of Church discipline and one of the chief ecclesiastical writers of
the eleventh century. He was a friend and ally of Hildebrand afterwards Saint
Gregory VII. He died at Faenza in 1072.
Paradiso Canto XXI:52-142. He is in the seventh sphere.
Peter (c1100-1160) an Augustinian, known as ‘the Master of the Sentences’
wrote his four books on God, the Creation, Redemption, and the Sacraments and
Last Things, as the chief summary of medieval theology before Aquinas, who commented on it. In
the prologue he speaks of himself as ‘desiring with the poor widow (Luke xxi
1-4) to cast something out of our poverty into the treasury of the Lord.’
Paradiso Canto X:100-129. He is in the fourth sphere of Prudence.
Pere III (1276-1285), took Sicily from Charles I of Anjou after the Sicilian
Vespers in 1282. He had married Manfred’s
daughter Costanze. He and Charles
both died in 1285. He was succeeded by his son Alfonso
III who died in 1291. Aragon and Sicily were ruled by his younger sons, James and Frederick at the time of the
Vision. Dante regards them as degenerates, but Manfred calls them the honour of
Aragon and Sicily in Purgatorio III.
Purgatorio Canto VII:64-136. He is
one of the negligent rulers.
A Franciscan friar (and comb-seller) from Chianti who settled in Siena,
where he died in 1289. He was renowned for his piety, and venerated as a saint,
being recognised officially in 1328.
Purgatorio Canto XIII:85-154. He prayed for Sapia.
The daughter of Pasiphae and Minos, sister of Ariadne. She married Theseus, but loved Hippolytus her stepson. Repulsed by him
she accused him to his father, and so brought about his death. See Racine’s Phaedra.
See Ovid’s Metamorphoses XV 500 et seq.
Paradiso Canto XVII:1-99. She is
mentioned as being one who accused another of a crime, which they themselves
were guilty of.
Inferno Canto XVII:79-136. The son of Phoebus Apollo and Clymene, the wife of the Ethiopian king Merops, and the grandson of Tethys. He asked Phoebus for proof of his paternity, and, being granted a wish, requested to drive the chariot of the sun. He could not control it, and was killed by Jupiter’s thunderbolt to prevent the earth being destroyed. He was buried, by the Naiads, on the banks of the River Po. The Milky Way was supposed by the Pythagoreans to be the sign of his journey, still visible in the heavens. (See Dante’s Convivio ii) See Ovid’s Metamorphoses I 751, and II passim.
Purgatorio Canto IV:52-87. He is mentioned.
Purgatorio Canto XXIX:106-132. His death is mentioned, when Jupiter for the good of all destroyed the one.
Paradiso Canto XVII:1-99.He asked his mother to tell him the truth about his paternity.
Paradiso Canto XXXI:94-142. He is mentioned.
Philip the Bold (1270-1285) attempted to seize the throne of Peter III of Aragon on behalf of his son Charles de Valois, with the
connivance of Pope Martin IV. He was defeated by Roger di Loria, Peter’s
admiral at Gerona, and died at Perpignan. His son was Philip
IV.
Purgatorio Canto VII:64-136. He is one of the negligent rulers.
King of France (1285-1314), son of Philip III, he strengthened the monarchy, and dissolved the Knights Templars in 1307. He supported the Avignon Papacy, and won Champagne, Flanders and other territories for the Crown. He married Joan, the daughter of Henry I of Navarre, ‘the Fat’.
See Ciacco’s prophecy and Inferno Canto VI:64-93 for an indirect reference.
Inferno Canto XIX:31-87He reputedly accepted a bribe from Bertrand de
Goth, to make him Pope (as Clement V).
Purgatorio Canto VII:64-136. He is mentioned, adversely.
Purgatorio Canto XX:43-96. Dante calls him the new Pilate, because he delivered Boniface to his enemies the Colonnesi, as Pilate delivered Christ to the Council of the Jews. He caused the Templars to be persecuted from 1307, greedy, it was said, for their immense wealth.
Paradiso Canto XIX:91-148. He debased
the coinage by two-thirds in 1302 to defray the cost of his Flemish campaign.
He is held as an example of poor kingship.
Avenged his daughter Coronis, raped by Apollo,
by burning down the god’s temple at Delphi for which he was condemned to
Tartarus.
In the Aeneid vi 618-620 he issues a warning against scorning the gods.
Inferno Canto VIII:1-30. He is the ferryman of the marsh in the Fifth Circle.
A centaur who entertained Hercules and was accidentally killed by
one of his arrows. He was present at the battle of the Lapiths and Centaurs.
Inferno Canto XII:49-99. He is in the seventh circle.
Inferno Canto XI:1-66. Deacon of Thessalonica. See Anastasius.
The daughter of the Thracian King Sithon (living near Mount Rhodope in
Thrace) who was loved by Demophoön,
King of Melos,the son of Theseus and
Phaedra. He failed to keep his promise to return to her,
and when he did eventually return to find her she had committed suicide, but
had been transformed into an almond tree by Athene.
(See Burne-Jones painting ‘The Tree of Forgiveness’, Lever Art Gallery, Port
Sunlight, Merseyside, England) See Ovid’s Heroides.
Paradiso Canto IX:67-126. She is mentioned.
The traditional story is that La Pia belonged to the Tolomei of Siena,
and married Nello d’Inghiramo dei Pannocchiesci,
the Podestà of Volterra in 1277, and Lucca in 1314, the captain of the Tuscan
Guelphs in 1284 and still alive in 1322. He put her to death at the Castello
della Pietra, in the marshes of the Sienese Maremma, in 1295, throwing her from
a window, or alternatively she died of disease in that unhealthy place. He was
said to be jealous, or to want rid of her in order to marry the Countess
Margherita degli Aldobrandeschi, the widow of Guy de Montfort. The identification of La
Pia may well be wrong, but the story survives.
Purgatorio Canto V:130-136. She is
with the late repentants who died of violence.
(See D. G. Rossetti’s Oil painting – La Pia de’ Tolomei – University of
Kansas.) In La Pia’s words to Dante there is an echo of the lines on Virgil’s
tomb, at Naples, ‘MANTUA ME GENUIT, CALABRI RAPUERE, TENET NUNC PARTHENOPE : CECINI
PASCUA, RURA, DUCES.’
An ancient Florentine family. See the note to Paradiso Canto XVI.
Paradiso Canto XVI:88-154. Mentioned. Their arms barred with ermine=vair.
Pontius Pilate the Governor of Judea, before whom Christ was arraigned.
See Matthew xxvii 11.
Purgatorio Canto XX:43-96. He is mentioned.
Purgatorio Canto XV:82-145. The lord of Athens, who gave this answer, when
urged by his wife to put to death a young man, who had kissed their daughter in
public. ‘Si eos, qui nos amant, interficimus, quid his faciemus, quibus odio
sumus?’ (Valerius Maximus) The right to name the city of Athens was
disputed by Pallas Athene (Minerva) and
Poseidon (Neptune). See Ovid’s Metamorphoses VI 70.
Saint Pius I, Pope (140-155AD).
Paradiso Canto XXVII:1-66. He died for the faith.
The Greek Philosopher, 428/7?-348/7BC, born at Athens of a distinguished family. His
father was named Ariston, his mother Perictione was the sister of Charmides and
niece of Critias who both figured in the Oligarchy of 404/3. He was a follower
of Socrates, and developed the
search for universals with his concept of the Ideas, or the Doctrine of Forms.
He made massive contributions to the theory of knowledge, moral theory and
politics (The Republic).
Inferno Canto IV:130-151. He is among the philosophers in Limbo.
Purgatorio Canto III:1-45. The pagan philosophers cannot hope to understand the ‘why’ of God’s works, and are condemned to an unsatisfied desire for supreme knowledge. (Aquinas: ‘the one demonstrates by means of the cause and is called propter quid.... the other by means of the effect and is called the demonstration quia.)
Purgatorio Canto IV:1-18. Dante gives a refutation of the doctrine of the multiplicity of souls, ascribed to Plato by Thomas Aquinas. If souls were plural, we would not become so absorbed as to neglect the passage of time.
Paradiso Canto IV:1-63. Dante refers to
Plato’s Timaeus, available to him in Chalcidius’s Latin paraphrase. The
doctrine he repeats, as understood by Dante, gives excessive power to the
stars, fatal to freewill.
The Roman playwright and poet (254-184BC). His plays were adapted from Menander and
other Greek writers.
Purgatorio Canto XXII:94-114. He is in Limbo.
Pluto was the son of Saturn
and the brother of Jupiter and Neptune, and was assigned the rule of the
Underworld. Dante merges him with Plutus, god of the riches dug from the
ground, and therefore the source of the sin of avarice, and the ‘great
enemy’.
Inferno Canto VI:94-115. Dante and Virgil find him at the start of the descent to the Fourth Circle of Hell.
Inferno Canto VII:1-39. He mutter words in an unknown language, that Virgil understands, and collapses at Virgil’s reply.
The lord of Ravenna, father of Francesca
da Rimini, and grandfather of Guido Novello, who employed Dante on various
missions (See Dante: Epistolae viii) and may have assisted him to find a last
refuge in Ravenna, where Dante’s tomb is sited. The family arms were an eagle,
half argent, on an azure field, half gules on field or.
Inferno Canto XXVII:31-57. He ruled Ravenna, and Cervia, twelve miles
south, in 1300.
The Greek sculptor (c452-412BC), mentioned by Aristotle and others, and of
the same generation as Pheidias. He made the gold and ivory statue of Hera, in
the Heraion near Mycenae, famous for its grandeur and beauty, and it was
engraved in miniature on the coins of Argos. See Pausanias II xvii 3.
Purgatorio Canto X:1-45. He is mentioned.
Inferno Canto XXX:1-48. The son of Priam and Hecuba, sent
by Priam to the court of Polymestor of Thrace, and done to death by Polymestor, Priam’s
son-in-law. See Ovid’s Metamorphoses XIII 432 et seq. and Virgil’s Aseneid iii
49.
Purgatorio Canto XX:97-151. He is
mentioned.
Inferno Canto XXX:1-48. The son-in
law of Priam and Hecuba,
who sent their son Polydorus to his court in Thrace.
He murdered Polydorus and threw
his body into the sea to be found subsequently by Hecuba. See Ovid’s
Metamorphoses XIII 430 et seq.
Purgatorio Canto XX:97-151. He is
mentioned.
The son of Oedipus and Jocasta,
and brother of Eteocles. They fought
over the succession, in the war of the Seven against Thebes. Both brothers were
killed and, according to Statius in
the Thebaid xii 429 et seq. the flames of their funeral pyre itself were
divided.
Inferno Canto XXVI:43-84. They are mentioned.
Purgatorio Canto XXII:55-93. They are indirectly mentioned.
Inferno Canto V:52-72. The Trojan princess, daughter of Priam and Hecuba.
According to Ovid (Metamorphoses XIII 448) she is slaughtered at Achilles’s tomb after the fall of Troy, but
according to later versions of the myths his love for her brought about his
death, when he was killed by Paris in a temple where he
had gone to marry her, after being promised her hand if he would join forces
with the Trojans.
Inferno Canto XXX:1-48. She is mentioned.
Consul, General, Julius Caesar’s
son-in-law having married Julia. Defeated
by Caesar in the Civil War, ended by the battle of Pharsalus in Thessaly. Fled
to Alexandria. Murdered by Ptolemy XIII.
Paradiso Canto VI:1-111. Mentioned in
the summary of Imperial history.
The son of Pompey the Great (died 35BC). He was defeated by Julius Caesar at Munda in 45BC and by
Octavian’s (Augustus’s) admiral Agrippa
at Mylae and Naulochus off Sicily in 36BC. Lucan gives him a very bad press.
Inferno Canto XII:100-139. He is in
the seventh circle.
A native of Ravenna. He died c1245.
Purgatorio Canto XIV:67-123. He is mentioned.
Cardinal Nicholas of Prato was sent to Florence by Pope Benedict XI in
early 1304 to attempt a reconciliation between the warring factions. He failed,
and laid the city under an interdict, excommunicating several citizens. Several
local disasters at the time, such as a fire caused by a factional fight,
destroying many houses, and a bridge collapse during a May day festival (the
wooden Ponte Carraia) were attributed to divine disapproval.
Inferno Canto XXVI:1-42. He is mentioned.
An ancient Florentine family. See the note to Paradiso Canto XVI.
Paradiso Canto XVI:88-154. Mentioned.
Inferno Canto XXX:1-48. King of Troy, during the Trojan War. The son of
Laomedon, and husband of Hecuba. He was
killed by Pyrrhus, at the fall of Troy.
A Latin grammarian of the early sixth
century AD.
Inferno Canto XV:100-124. He is in Hell for sodomy.
The daughter of Pandion, wife of Tereus, mother of Itys, and sister of Philomela. Her sister is raped and mutilated by Tereus, and the two sisters together conspire to kill the son, Itys, and serve his flesh to Tereus at a banquet. In Latin sources (Virgil’s Georgics etc) she is changed into the swallow, Philomela into the nightingale, and Tereus into the hoopoe. See also Ovid’s Metamorphoses VI 428 et seq. In Greek sources of the myth, Procne is the nightingale and Philomela the swallow. Ovid does not clarify the point. Dante hints at the Greek sources, Procne being the more impious of the two sisters.
Purgatorio Canto IX:1-33. The swallow sings its sad songs in memory of the pain.
Purgatorio Canto XVII:1-39. The nightingale is mentioned in the context of impiety, suggesting Procne. Procne killed Itys, though Philomela immediately slit his throat, so that both committed an impiety, but Procne more so, since it was her own child.
The daughter of Demeter(Ceres), seized by Pluto(Dis)
on the plain of Enna in Sicily. Ceres-Demeter searched for her. Because
Persephone had eaten food in Hades, pomegranate seeds, she was allowed to
return to earth for only six months of the year, and spent the other six in
Hell. The vegetation rituals of Ceres-Demeter and Persephone formed the essence
of the secret mysteries at Eleusis. Persephone is one of the incarnations of
the triple moon-goddess. (See Skelton: ‘Diana in the leaves green, Luna who so
bright doth sheen, Persephone in Hell.’) See Ovid’s Metamorphoses V 376-564.
Inferno Canto X:73-93. Farinata mentions her moon-incarnation.
Purgatorio Canto XXVIII:1-51.
Dante, seeing Matilda, recalls her.
Claudius Ptolemaeus, fl.127-51 AD, codified astronomical knowledge in his work the
Almagest. He was the authority throughout the Middle Ages. His
earth-centred theory was subsequently overturned by the heliocentric theory of
Copernicus.
Inferno Canto IV:130-151. He is among
the group of wise men in Limbo.
Ptolemy XII of Egypt, overthrown by Caesar in 47BC.
Paradiso Canto VI:1-111. Mentioned in
the summary of Imperial history.
King of Tyre, brother of Dido, who
murdered her husband, their uncle, Sychaeus,
out of greed for gold. See Virgil’s Aeneid i 350.
Purgatorio Canto XX:97-151. He is mentioned.
A Babylonian, who in Ovid’s story (Metamorphoses IV 55-166) believes
that a lion has killed his lover Thisbe
when he reaches their meeting place, He kills himself, and then Thisbe, finding
him, kills herself also. The mulberry tree under which they were to meet has
red fruit thereafter, its leaves and roots being soaked with his blood. The
story is one of true love, and Shakespeare used it as a basis for the ending of
Romeo and Juliet, despite his unfortunate ridiculing of the story in The Midsummer
Night’s Dream.
Purgatorio Canto XXVII:1-45. The story is mentioned.
Purgatorio Canto XXXIII:58-102.
He is mentioned.
King of Epirus (318-272BC) who
campaigned against the Carthaginians in Sicily, and against the Romans (his
costly victory at Asculum led to the expression ‘a Pyrrhic victory’) was
defeated by the Romans under Curius Dentatus at Beneventum in 275BC.
Inferno Canto XII:100-139. He is in the seventh circle, unless Pyrrhus the son of Achilles is intended.
Paradiso Canto VI:1-111. Mentioned in
the summary of Imperial history.
Neoptolemus, called Pyrrhus, who killed Priam and
sacrificed Polyxena on Achilles’s grave. Virgil stresses his
cruelty in Aeneid ii 469.
Inferno Canto XII:100-139. He is
placed in the seventh circle unless the reference is to Pyrrhus,
King of Epirus.
Bishop of Mayence (c766-856) compiled a cyclopaedia De Universo
in twenty-two books, and was in favour of orthodoxy to the point of unwitting
heresy. He was a Benedictine and pupil of Alcuin. He wrote voluminously, summarising
ninth century learning.
Paradiso Canto XII:106-145. He is in the Fourth Sphere of the Sun.
The wife of Jacob in the Bible
(Genesis 29), for whom he served Laban her father seven years, and the sister
of Leah. She is for Dante the type of
Contemplation. See Genesis xxix and xxx. Her New Testament equivalent is Mary
the sister of Martha. See Luke x 38-42.
Inferno Canto II:94-120. Beatrice is sitting with her. (Divine Philosophy sits with Contemplation)
Inferno Canto IV:1-63. Christ takes her spirit from Limbo into Paradise.
Purgatorio Canto XXVII:94-114. She is mentioned in Dante’s dream.
Paradiso Canto XXXII:1-36. She sits
with Beatrice in Heaven, below the Virgin,
in the third rank. See above.
The prostitute of Jericho who helped Joshua’s
spies. They in turn swore to save her and her family (‘our life for yours’).
She was told to fasten a scarlet thread to her window so that she and her
family could be identified at the taking of the city. She was converted to the
Israelite cause, and became a symbol of the Church, the scarlet cord signifying
the blood of Christ, and the two spies the two Testaments. See Joshua ii and vi
23-25.
Paradiso Canto IX:67-126. She is in the third sphere, of Venus.
Paradiso Canto IV:1-63. He is shown with human form though beyond the human. He helped Tobias to cure his father Tobit’s blindness. See Apocrypha, Book of Tobit. His name means ‘God heals’. He is traditionally identified with the Angel who stirred the waters of the pool of Bethesda, John v 1-15.
An ancient Florentine family. See the note to Paradiso Canto XVI.
Paradiso Canto XVI:88-154. Mentioned.
The wife of Isaac. An ancestress of Christ. See Genesis.
Paradiso Canto XXXII:1-36. She is seated in Heaven, below the Virgin.
Paradiso Canto XXXII:37-84. Dante refers to Genesis xxv 22-27 where Jacob and Esau struggle in her womb, representing ‘two nations, and two manner of people’. Jacob was a tent-dweller and Esau a hunter, a man of the field, representing the ancient struggle between the raw and the cooked, civilisation and the wild, and ‘the elder shall serve the younger’, the wild shall serve the civilised, at the foundation of Jewish and Christian culture.
The ten tribes revolted against Rehoboam, king of Israel, because he
refused to lighten their taxes. He fled to Jerusalem. See First Kings xii 1-18.
Purgatorio Canto XII:1-63. He is depicted on the roadway.
A converted Saracen, the mythical brother-in-law of William of Orange and his
companion in battle, retiring with him to become a monk.
Paradiso Canto XVIII:1-57. He is in the Fifth Sphere of Mars.
The sister of Saturn (Cronus) whom he married.
Inferno Canto XIV:73-120. He swallowed his children to avoid them dethroning him. Enraged she bore Jupiter at night in Arcadia and he was carried to Crete and hidden in the cave of Dicte. The armed Curetes (Corybantes) stood round his golden cradle clashing weapons to hide his cries. She gave Cronus a stone wrapped in swaddling clothes which he swallowed thinking it was Jupiter (Zeus).
The Augustinian mystic (died 1173), and friend of Saint Bernard who wrote a treatise called De
Contemplatione.
Paradiso Canto X:130-148. He is in the fourth sphere of Prudence.
A Trojan, who was killed at the fall of Troy. Virgil in Aeneid ii 426 et
seq. says ‘he the most just of the Trojans, who never wavered from right,
though the gods did not recognise his righteousness.’
Dante connects this incident with Acts x 34 ‘God is no respecter of
persons, but in every nation he that feareth him, and worketh righteousness is
accepted with Him.’
Paradiso Canto XX:1-72. He is in the sixth sphere of Jupiter.
Paradiso Canto XX:73-148. Aquinas suggests that the good unbeliever will receive inspiration, or a teacher, from God to achieve his conversion. This opens the door to the virtuous Pagans, but note Paul’s weeping over Virgil’s tomb (traditionally), which suggests Virgil could not be saved in this way. Dante struggled with the whole concept, regarding its natural justice.
The son of Charles II of
Naples, and brother of Charles Martel.
After Charles Martel’s early death, Robert ousted the son Caroberto from the
throne of Naples, in 1309 after the date of the Vision. Robert and his brothers
Louis and John were hostages in Spain after the release of their father Charles
in 1288 (see the entry for Charles II) until 1295. Robert was accompanied back
to Italy by certain greedy Catalonian adventurers, whom he gave office to, when
he succeeded to the throne of Naples, and their greed made them and him
detested in Apulia. He was shipwrecked in 1301.
Robert I, the son of Hugh Capet, whom he succeeded in 996.
Purgatorio Canto XX:43-96. He is mentioned.
The sister of Ezzolino the
tyrant. She was born in the castle of Romano between Venice and the sources of
the Brenta and Piave. She was famous for her love affairs, had four husbands
and many paramours, of whom Sordello
was one. In 1265 (when she was about 67 years old) and the last survivor of her
father’s family, in the house of Cavalcante
de’ Cavalcanti, she executed a deed of manumission liberating her father’s
serfs. She died in Florence in 1279 or 1280. Dante suggests she was a penitent.
Paradiso Canto IX:1-66. She is in the third Heaven of those who yielded to earthly love.
Romeo of Villeneuve (1170-1250) was the seneschal, or chamberlain of
Count Raymond Berenger IV of Provence,
who died in 1245 leaving his lands to his youngest daughter Beatrice, whom he had made heiress
under Romeo’s guardianship. According to the legend Romeo (which simply means pilgrim)
came to Raymond’s court, managed his business, and arranged the marriages of
Raymond’s four daughters. The Provençal Barons persuaded Raymond to demand
account of Romeo, at which he asked for his mule, staff and scrip, and
vanished, as poor as he had come. The story is probably fable.
The eldest daughter Margaret
married Louis IX of France, Eleanor married Henry III of England, Sancha married Richard of Cornwall,
titular King of the Romans, and Beatrice, who inherited, married Charles of Anjou, King of Naples and
Sicily, and, through her inheritance, King of Provence, in Dante’s view a
fitting revenge on the Provençal barons!
Paradiso Canto VI:112-142. He is in the second sphere, of Mercury, and of those who were ambitious for honour.
A member of the Onesti family of Ravenna. He was a monk of Camaldoli in
the Casentino district, who saw a vision of the heavenly ladder, and founded
the Camaldolese Order, a white-robed stricter branch of the Benedictines. He died in 1027.
Paradiso Canto XXII:1-99. He is in
the seventh sphere.
The founder and first king of Rome (the city was traditionally founded
on 21st April 753BC, Roman
dates were recorded from the founding of the city, ab urbe condita). He
was the brother of Remus, and the son of Mars
and Ilia, called genitor, father, of the Roman people. The two brothers
were reared by a she-wolf. Romulus united the Latins and Sabines (‘The Rape of
the Sabine Women’) He was received into the company of the gods, as Quirinus
and worshipped by the Romans. The name Rome derives from the Etruscan gens
ruma.
Paradiso Canto VIII:85-148. The type of a great man born from obscure origins.
Inferno Canto XXI:97-139. A demon guarding the eighth circle, the fifth chasm, of the barrators.
Inferno Canto XXII:31-75. The other demons urge him on.
The Emperor (1273-1291) who served under Ottocar II, King of Bohemia
(1253-1278), but asserted his supremacy, when elected Emperor. Ottakar paid homage, but refused to return Imperial lands,
and died at the battle of the Marchfeld near Vienna in 1278. Ottocar’s son Wenceslas II (1278-1305) (not
the earlier king and Saint) was allowed to retain Bohemia and Moravia, but had
to give up Austria and Styria (Rudolph’s sons Albert
and Rudolph were invested with these), Carinthia and Carniola.
Purgatorio Canto VII:64-136. He is one of the negligent rulers.
Paradiso Canto VIII:31-84. His daughter Clemenz married Charles Martel.
A Florentine who was driven to immoral practices by an unhappy marriage.
Inferno Canto VI:64-93. Dante asks after him.
Inferno Canto XVI:1-45. He is in the
seventh circle for sodomy.
A Moabite woman, the wife of Boaz, and great grandmother of David. See the Book of Ruth.
Paradiso Canto XXXII:1-36. She is
seated in Heaven, below the Virgin.