Dictionary Of Terms The Following is a dictionary of terms compiled by Professional Engineering Inspections, Inc. We have provided this dictionary to help our clients better understand the content of their reports. If there are terms which you cannot find in this area, or you find an error, please contact our offices so that we may add or correct this list. Return to Home Page You may use the letters below to navigate to the appropriate section you wish to view. Abnormal Abnormal is a term used in Professional Engineering Inspections reports which indicate that an aspect of a property is different, to a significant degree, from other properties of similar type and age that have been inspected by Professional Engineering Inspections. If there is an indicated mandatory need for repair, the need will be stated as a part of the opinion. Abraded Pertaining to a surface that has been worn by surface rubbing. Abrasion The wearing of a surface through rubbing with another surface. ABS plastic Black plastic pipe used in buildings for plumbing drains. Abutment The end of a culvert or bridge that protrudes above the ground. The abutment is usually made of concrete. Accessed To gain access to an area via a prescribed path as in the tub drain is accessed through an opening in the closest. Accumulate To acquire quantities of something. Acoustical A sound related term that is often used as follows: The ceiling has acoustical tile which is used to reduce or deaden sound in the room. Acrylic terpolymer An acrylic based terapolymer caulk, often used on roof surface applications. Advisable A recommended or suggested action or means of performing a task. Aerate To infuse air into a liquid such as air into water at a lavatory faucet. Aerator A device used to infuse air into a liquid such as the aerator on the spigot of a lavatory basin faucet to inject air into a water stream. Aesthetics Appearance of an item or condition that deals with a pleasurable appearance. Air entrainment When air is mixed with water in a hot tub or whirlpool tub recirculation system when water rushes past an orifice and draws in air to be mixed with the water flow. Air hawk vent A trade name for an attic ventilator that is usually mounted on a roof to ventilate the attic space. Algaecide A chemical that when added to a solution prevents the growth of fungus and algae. Allen wrench A six sided rod of various diameters that is used for removing or installing screws or bolts having a female six sided indention into which the wrench will fit. Amateur A person that is not professional in what he is trying to accomplish. An amateur is not expected to perform a task as well as a professional that is trained for the task. Amateurishly Referring to a task that has been performed in a manner that is substandard. American Standard Plumbing A trade name of a plumbing supply manufacturer that also makes air conditioners, furnaces and fans. Ampacity The rating of a circuit to provide the power needed for a piece of equipment such as an air conditioner condensing unit. Amps A measure of electrical current used to define the energy supplied to an electrical appliance. Anaerobic A term generally used to define bacteria used in a septic system that do not require oxygen to live and perform. Andirons The supports for logs in a wood burning fireplace. The exposed ends are usually decorative Annular ring shank (ring shank nail) A term used to define a nail that has annular rings around the shank that hold the nail in place when driven into wood. Anode (in water heater) A anode is a sacrificial metal rod placed in a water heater that will selectively corrode due to dissimilar metal electrolytic corrosion. Askew A line or plank installed so that it is not aligned with other objects of similar nature. The line or plank is said to be askew. Assess To evaluate condition or events in order to arrive at an opinion. ASTM Abbreviation for American Society for Testing and Materials. The society establishes the acceptable range of product usefulness based on tests. Awl A sharp pointed tool similar to an ice pick that is usually used for scribing a metal surface or punching holes. Backsplash The wall back of a tub, sink, or lavatory basin that is usually made of a surface that is not adversely effected by being wet. Balconies Several porches with safety hand rails at the perimeter that are above the first floor of a building. Balcony A porch, usually with a safety hand rail at the perimeter that is above the first floor of a building. Ballast In electrical terms, the transformer in a florescent light that maintains the proper induction and voltage for the light bulb to glow. Baluster The vertical column in a hand rail that supports the hand rail and prevents something from passing under the rail. Banister The rail at the top of a hand rail to which a person holds when using a stairs. Bathtub A tub placed in a bathroom used for submersion bathing and often used for taking a shower bath. Battboard The planks used on siding to cover joints between sections of siding or joints between different types of sidings. Bays formed by floor joists The space between floor joists and between the underside of a floor and possibly above a ceiling. Belled Bottom Piers Subterranean piers used to support the foundation of a structure. Belled Bottom Piers are constructed by drilling a shaft, usually a minimum of 8-15 feet in the Houston area, then using a belling tool to form a conical shape at the bottom of the pier in order to distribute the load of the pier over an area larger than just the shaft. Bending moment in floor joist The force or load applied that tends to bend floor joists. The bending moment cannot induce stress in the floor joists that exceed the strength of the floor joists or they will fail. Berms Ridges in soil that are used for decoration and/or dams to control water flow. Beryllium copper A copper alloy that is springy, usually used for weather stripping at doors. Bidet A plumbing fixture containing a basin that is generally used for personal hygiene. Bi-fold This term is used in reference to a segmented door that folds at the center. The door is usually at the entrance to a room or closet. Bird's mouth splice A splice in a piece of lumber made by taper sharpening one end of a plank to be spliced and notching the other end of a plank to be spliced. The tapered end is inserted into the notched end and the joint is secured with nails or screws. Bitumen An asphalt based material that is used to bond glass matt together to form felt paper or a built-up roof surface. B-nut A B-nut is a nut used to secure flared tubing to a special fitting. Borers (insects) Insects that bore into trees and cause damage that may cause the tree to be unusable for lumber. Briar roof material A trade name of a modified bitumen roof originally manufactured in Germany. Brick Guard The trade name of a clear sealant used seal bricks to prevent water penetration. Broomed finish The finish applied to a concrete surface that is obtained by brushing the concrete surface with a broom prior to the concrete curing. Build-up The term used when something accumulates to an undesirable or excessive amount. Example is the accumulation of ice on a roadway. Buss bars The electrical conductors of a circuit breaker box used to carry power to circuit breakers. Cabana A small building usually next to a swimming pool. CABO bldg. Code A general building code recognized under the BOCA, ICBO, and SBCCI that incorporates provisions of model codes fostered by each agency. BOCA-Building Officials and Code Administrators International; ICBO-International Conference of Building Officials; SBCCI-Southern Building Code Congress International Caliche soil A soil consisting of a white clay and aggregate used as paving for streets and parking surfaces. Calrod An electrical heating rod that becomes hot when electrical current is allowed to flow through its heating element. Cantilevered floor joists Floor joists that extend beyond an end support so that the ends are considered similar to a cantilevered beam. Capacitor (used in an air conditioner) A electrical capacitive device that is used for running and/or starting a compressor motor. Capillary (used in an air conditioner) A capillary tube meters refrigerant to an evaporator coil to obtain boiling refrigerant in the evaporator coil. Capping (roots of trees) The term used when the roots of a tree are cut and a barrier is placed between the tree and a foundation Carborundum An abrasive material that if used in saw blade construction will cut steel, masonry, and other very tough materials. Carcinogen A term applied to any substance that can cause cancer in a living being. Catchpan If the term is used with air conditioning, it is a pan placed below something such as an evaporator coil to catch condensate that drips off the evaporator coil. Cellulose Insulation A ground up paper type material that is used as insulation in the attic and/or walls of buildings. Celotex sheathing A brand name sheathing that is used as an underlayment for various sidings. Cement asbestos roof A roofing membrane composed of asbestos fibers and cement. The same material has been used for siding and water pipe construction. Cementious A material that is similar to concrete or plaster which has a cement like characteristic. Central Air Conditioning A system which uses ducts to distribute cooling and/or dehumidified air to more than one room or uses pipes to distribute chilled water to heat exchangers in more than one room, and which is not plugged into an electrical convenience outlet. Chlordane A chemical pesticide that was used to exterminate termites and other insects. Chlorine An elemental gas that is a strong oxidizer which will react readily with many fuels. The chemical is used for biological purification of water. Circuitous A term used to indicate that a devious path was used to obtain a certain result. Climatrol a/c The trade name of an air conditioner that was manufactured in the Houston area for several years during the 1970's. Clorox A trade name for a chlorine based chemical that is used as a bleach and cleaning agent. Cobwebs Spider webs usually found in attics and under houses. Coliform (microscopic bacteria) Organisms found in polluted water that will make people ill if ingested. Collapse Referring to the failure of a structure or machine to support an intended load. Commensurate In accordance with ones capabilities. Compaction The state of a material such as soil to be compacted. Compotite (shower pan material) An asphalt and plastic sheet material that was folded and shaped into a shower pan for shower bathing enclosures. The material is no longer used for shower pans. Compressor As used in air conditioning, it is the equipment in the condensing unit or air conditioning unit that increases the pressure of refrigerant. Concave (a surface) A surface area with the center portion of the area being lower than the outer edges of the area. Condensate Water which collects as a result of cooling air containing moisture below its dew point. This occurs at the evaporator coil of an air-conditioning system, and must be disposed of in a sanitary manner. This may also occur between the panes of double paned window, at cold pipes, ducts, or other cool surfaces. Conducive A term used to indicate that conditions are arranged for something to occur. An area conducive to termite infestation would be where wood is in contact with soil and there is a source of water. Consistent The term is used to indicate that an occurrence is similar to other occurrences of a certain type. Contactors The term is used to indicate an electrical relay that is used to provide power to a large motor such as the compressor of an air conditioning system. Conventional reinforced concrete slab on grade foundation A term used to define the method of reinforcing a concrete slab foundation that rests on the soil. Conventional means through the use of steel reinforcing bars. Convex A surface area with the center portion of the area being higher than the outer edges of the area. Convolutes A term used to define a hose that is constructed by supporting a membrane on wound wire or similar material to form a hose or duct that will bend when pressurized. Copeland A trade name for an air conditioning system compressor. The compressor made by Copeland Manufacturing Company. Corbeling (fireplace chimney's) The term used when the fireplace flue pipe and enclosure is offset as it passes through the attic. Corev Siding A trade name for an EIFS siding that is sometimes used in the place of stucco, i.e. an imitation stucco siding. Corian A trade name of a counter top material manufactured by DuPont Company. Counterflashing A part of a flashing system used where a roof surface comes in contact with a brick veneer wall. The counter flashing is attached to the brick veneer and a lip hangs down over an upturned portion of an "L" flashing at the edge of the roof. Countertop The top of a cabinet counter such as the kitchen cabinet countertop. Crawlspace Area where crawling space is provided to gain access to equipment or structure. This may be the area between the underside of a structure and the soil in pier and beam type foundations, or and access way through an attic. Creosoted A term used to define lumber that has been treated with creosote at high temperatures and pressures. The creosote reduces the rate of decay that will usually occur in wood. Cripple Stud A shortened stud usually of 2X4 inch wood that us used to support the header beams over doors and/or windows. Crush box (of foundation grade beam) A cardboard or foam box used below foundation grade beams to create a void between the soil and the concrete grade beams. This has not proven to be effective so its use is not recommended. Cross Connection Any physical connection or arrangement between potable water and any possible source of contamination. Dado A decorative molding on the lower portion of an interior wall. Dead band adjustment An adjustment to control the point where an instrument will turn something on and a second point where it will turn the same something off. Most air conditioning thermostats can be adjusted to turn air condition equipment on at a predetermined temperature and off at a different temperature. Deadbolt A term used to define a lock that can only be engaged and disengaged with a key. The bolt is square at the end and will not allow engagement by merely closing a door. Delta T A term used to indicate a difference in temperature between two points, i.e. the difference in air temperature between the inlet and outlet sides of an air conditioning system evaporator coil. Denney Board A term used for sheathing of about 1/8 inch that is usually silver in color to reflect radiant heat. The material can be structural as well as moisture and heat resistant. Another trade name is Thermocote De-Ox (anti-oxidization comp) A material used to coat wiring and connectors to prevent corrosion and oxidation due to heat accumulation. Desiccant (drying agent) A material when placed in a sealed container attracts and holds moisture to prevent moisture damage to items that it is stored with. A desiccant in the refrigeration loop of an air conditioning system prevents free moisture from adversely effecting the operation of the system. Detent latch mechanism A spring loaded latch mechanism that can be used to hold a door in a closed or open position. Usually a spring loaded ball or roller pressed into a depression. Deterrent Something used to prevent an act from occurring. Treating the soil around a building with insecticide will help prevent infestation of the building by termites. Diatomaceous earth filter A filter such as a swimming pool water cleaning filter contains diatomaceous earth through which water is circulated to keep it clear and clean. Differentially A term used to indicate difference in vertical displacement of different points on a concrete slab. Dirt dauber An insect. In this area a black insect, that builds a dirt nest using mud. Dirt daubers usually fill crevices and holes with mud in an attempt to build a nest. Dowels (rods) A round rod of wood that varies in diameter, with its intended use. Downspouts The pipes extending from the gutter to the ground. Dryvit A trade name for an imitation stucco siding that has been known by the term EIFS. The product has not performed well in several areas and should be avoided until an improved product is developed. Ductboard A fiberglass based board having an aluminum foil on one side and exposed fiberglass on the other. The material is used to fabricate cheap air ducts for air conditioning systems. Efflorescence A mineral deposit on the surface of a floor or wall usually caused by moisture evaporation which leaves minerals contained in the moisture as a powdery deposit on the surface. Effluent liquid waste The material discharged from a processing system or plant such as the material discharged from a sewage treatment plant. Egress A term used to describe the exit from a room or building. Elastomeric coat on stucco A film that is usually plastic in nature that will stretch and is composed of an elastomer that is usually painted on a surface. Electrolytic A term used for an electrical component having a paste or fluid electrolyte. A example is an electrolytic capacitor. Emanating A term used to indicate the source of a smell, discharge of materials, a sound or other type substance. Emissivity A term used to define the capability of a surface to reflect or absorb heat. Ensure A term used to make certain or assure that an event occurs. One can ensure that water is applied to the soil around a foundation if there is an automatic watering system. EPDM neoprene roof EPDM is a neoprene rubber roof that is seldom used in the Houston area due to performance problems. Epoxy or epoxies Epoxy is a two part resin based material that is sometimes used with fiberglass matt or material to make repairs in plumbing systems. Equilibrium The term used when there is a balance between two or more conditions. An example is when the pressure is equal on two sides of a membrane. Eroded Something or a surface that has been worn away, usually by water or air flow. An example is the brick mortar has been eroded away by water flow. Erratic A term that denotes unstable or undependable condition. An example is unstable water flow from a shower when water pressure varies. Escutcheons A term used for the cover plate around a faucet valve stem where it protrudes through a wall. Extruded A term used for the hot forming of objects where a melted or near melted material is forced through a die to form a piece with a consistent cross section. Fairing strips The decorative strips at windows used to make a smooth transition from the glass window panes to the frames that hold the panes. Fairings Covers used to smooth the transition between one surface and another. Fairings are used over small air plane wheels to smooth the flow of air across the wheels and the struts that carry the wheels. Fascia The vertical board seen at the lower edge of a roof surface. This is typically a 1" x 4" board in most common applications. The board covers the ends of the rafters from the roof edge to the soffit. Fascia The term used for the vertical plank or area along the edge of a roof. Ferrule A metal sleeve or tube that has various uses. A ferrule can be used to divert water from a fireplace flue chase where the flue passes through the cap. A bushing used to secure a pipe joint. Fibrous A term used to describe a material that consists of fibers. An example is fibrous aluminum paint used to cover a felt built-up type roof. Filter Lab A trade name of a company that manufactures electronic air filters for use in air conditioning systems. Final The end of a process, such as the final exam for a course or the final (last) inspection of a construction project. Fireplace mantel The horizontal shelf in the face of a fireplace that exists across the top of the firebox opening. Flake board A plywood like panel composed of flakes of wood compressed and bonded together with some type cement. The panels are usually 4' by 8' Flashings Sheet metal used to weatherproof the joints at the roof, at the tops of doors and windows, and at other horizontal joints in vertical surfaces in order to prevent water penetration. Flexure The bending of a component under load, A term often used to define the bending of a beam under load. Flitch plate The term typical refers to the stiffing member in a beam comprised of several pieces secured together with fasteners in order to make a stronger composite beam. The flitch plate is usually constructed of plywood, or steel. Flue The vent for an area where a combustible material is burned. An example is the vent of a fireplace that is used to dispose of combustion products. Formaldehyde A chemical that is used in many finishes and insulation's that is considered a carcinogen. The chemical is used in preserving components such as flesh. Fractional H. P. pump A fractional h. p. pump one that is driven by a small motor having a power rating under 1 horsepower. Most people think of a fractional horse power pump as one that has power ratings less than 1/6 th horsepower. French doors Glass paned double decorative doors that hinge from opposite sides of an opening. Friedrich A/C A trade name for air conditioning equipment that was thought of as very high quality. Frieze Molding A decorative horizontal band at or near the top of a wall. The band is installed to fair wood siding with masonry siding with the intent of eliminating unsightly joints. Furr downs The lowered portion of a ceiling above a cabinet or closet. The furr down is intended to improve the appearance of a cabinet by closing the opening between the ceiling and the top of a cabinet. Further-furthest Related to distance from a location. A example is the city is further from Houston than Katy, Texas. GAF Rubberroid roof A single ply roof membrane, made by GAF, that is made with neoprene rubber. It is usually held in place with fasteners at the edges and stones spread on the surface. Gaffers & Sattler range A trade name for a kitchen range. The equipment still exists but the manufacturer is no longer in business. Galvalum A steel panel coated with a zinc and aluminum film to prevent or reduce corrosion. Galvite paint A paint like liquid that can be applied to steel surfaces to inhibit corrosion. Gambrel ceiling A ceiling that has a flat central surface with sloped surfaces between the walls and the horizontal portion of the ceiling. Gauge A term used to define the dimension of something as related to a standard. An example is 12 gauge electrical wiring or a narrow gauged rail road. Gell-coat A petroleum based finish coat used on fiberglass materials for improved appearance. GFCI A term used for an electrical disconnect that opens a circuit based on current flow through the electrical ground. GFCI stands for ground fault circuit interrupter. GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter) This is an electrical device, either at the breaker panel box or individual outlets, which opens the circuit it controls if it detects current flow through the ground leg of the circuit. These are normally installed where outlets or other electrical devices in areas where contact with water may create a shock hazard. Grommets A part used to line an opening so that edges are protected against something that may pass through the opening. An example is electrical wiring passing through the cabinet of an appliance. Gunite A cement concrete material that is sprayed on a surface or into a form. Swimming pools are often made with gunite. Gypsum board A flat panel made of gypsum covered with paper on each side that is very often used for wall covering material. HACR circuit breaker (used with A/C) A resistance type circuit breaker that has characteristics usable with air conditioning system compressor circuits. Hand-held spirit level A flat bar like tool that has a curved alcohol filled tube mounted in it so that a bubble left in the tube centers between two lines when the bar is placed on a level surface. Hermetically sealed A component that is sealed from the atmosphere with no shafts or other devices penetrating the membrane that is sealed within Hydite blocks A light weight cement concrete block used for partitions within buildings. Illuminate To light a room or surface for improved visibility. Imminent A term used to indicate that something is likely to occur at any time and could occur without any further indications. An example is a foundation where the soil has dried around the perimeter and is no longer supporting the edge of the foundation. Impedance adapter Piece of electrical equipment that will match impedance between two components of an electrical system such as matching the impedance of a speaker to an amplifier. Implemented To establish or start something such as a program, or action. If one establishes a routine foundation maintenance program, the procedures of maintaining a foundation have been implemented. Inadvertently To cause an event to occur that was not intended, such as accidentally (inadvertently) spilling a glass of water. Indigenous Something normally found in a certain location or condition. An oak tree is indigenous to the Houston area. Infiltration The act of something seeping or working its way into an area, such as attic air seeping or leaking into a house, causing loss of energy. In-Sink-Erator A trade name of a company product usually associated with a garbage disposal. The company also makes other products. Interfered A term used when an act or object prevents something else from occurring. An example is that a cabinet door interfered with opening of a dishwasher door. Intermittent A term used when something occurs on occasion and does not occur at other times. A dishwasher is said to operate intermittently if it does not always run when turned on. Interrupter A term used for a device that interrupts or stops the normal flow of events. A ground fault interrupter stops the normal flow of electrical energy when a small current is detected in the ground loop of a device. Irreparable/reparable A term often used when an object is not economically repairable. An example is a 30 year old air conditioning unit that has failed because of a defective compressor. Jacuzzi The trade name of a company that manufacturers bathing equipment such as whirlpool tubs and showers. Jalousie windows Windows that are constructed of horizontal slats of transparent material such as glass that can be opened by tilting the slats from near vertical to horizontal. Jenn-Air A trade name of a company that manufactures kitchen products such as a vented range top or oven. Jerry-rigged The rigging or repair of something that is not done in a professional manner. The lack of quality usually indicates that the repair cannot be expected to perform for a long period of time. Jib crane The term refers to a crane with a portion of its boom hinged near the top so that it does not align with the main portion of the boom. Kerf The gap left by a saw blade as it passes through a material. A saw kerf is frequently used to install counter flashing at brick veneer to roof joints. Kick plate The vertical component between the floor and underside of a cabinet which is usually set back from the front of the cabinet several inches. Kilz A trade name of a paint used to seal stains so that they will not bleed back through paint applied over the stains. Kitchen Aid A trade name of a company that manufactures kitchen appliances, such as dishwashers and ovens. Kohler (Quiet Flush water closet) The trade name of a company that manufactures plumbing fixtures. They manufacture a toilet (water closet) that makes very little noise when flushed. Kool Deck A trade name of a company that manufactures a coating for swimming pool decks. The coating is intended to keep the deck cool to the touch even in hot weather. Kraft paper A stiff, usually brown, paper used to make paper bags, cover a floor during construction, and as an underlayment for certain surfaces such as metal roofing.. Ladies' room A rest room or toilet set aside for ladies only. Lap & gap rough siding A wood siding that is cut with an apparent gap in surface elevation that overlaps at the edges of the siding planks. The term rough applies to the surface finish on the siding. Lath (metal) The material used to attach stucco or plaster to the framing of a building. The material is usually called expanded metal lath because it is made by cutting slots in metal sheets and pulling it to cause the slots to open Lathe (machine) A material working machine that turns material along an axis so that it can be symmetrically shaped around the axis. Leach The term is used by Professional Engineering to define the action of water passing through a material such as brick or concrete and carrying a mineral from the brick or concrete with it. Lead bend A term applied to a bent lead drain pipe that is used to connect a toilet to a plumbing drain system. Leaded glass windows Windows that are constructed of various shaped pieces of glass plate that are held together by lead solder between panes. Lennox air conditioning A trade name of an air conditioning system sold by Lennox Industries. Liaison A term used by Professional Engineering Inspections to define a technical relation between two groups. Lien A financial document used to indicate a mortgaged property. When a lien exists against a property, the property cannot be transferred to a new owner without the lien holders consent. Limited Life Remaining This statement is made to indicate that the equipment or object referred to in the context of the discussion is at the end of its normal average life expectancy or is severely deteriorated. The equipment or object will probably be maintenance prone and replacement will likely be required in a short period of time. Replacement of the object or equipment with a limit life remaining is generally most cost effective when considering repair or reliability. Lintel A beam, usually steel, used to support masonry work above an opening in a masonry wall or fence. Load-bearing A term applied to a column or wall that supports the load of something. An example is that a load bearing wall is one that supports the roof or structure above it. Longitudinal axis The axis of an object that is horizontal. Louvers The tilted slats installed in an opening, usually a vent opening, such as for an attic vent or for combustion air ventilation. The louvers are intended to prevent water entry or small animal access to an area. LPS-3 coat rust preventative A trade name of a corrosion preventative liquid that can be applied to a metallic component to prevent corrosion. Magnetron The energy producing component of a microwave oven that produces microwaves used to heat objects placed in the oven. Mantle (of a light) The element that is heated to cause illumination such as the cloth type element in gas lights often used in yards for area lighting. Masonry A term applied to walls or objects made with stone, brick, cement block or other cement or stone like materials. Measurable A term used to define a small amount of something that is just measurable by conventional means. Men's room A toilet set aside for use by male persons only. Methyl ethyl keytone A cleaning solvent that is not used very often because it is considered a carcinogen. The material is often referred to as MEK. Miter The angle cut across a construction member so that the cut end of the member will fit against the side of another member. An example is the fit of the upper end of a rafter against the ridge beam. Molding The term applied to a decorative edge trim installed to smooth a joint between two surfaces such as between walls and ceilings or between walls and floors. Monier Monray A company trade name for concrete roof tiles. Monolithic An object that is one piece and not composed of several pieces connected together. An example is a concrete foundation that is cast at one time, as one piece, is considered monolithic. Monray shingles A trade name applied to concrete shingles manufactured by Monier concrete shingle company. More than normal More than normal is a term used in Professional Engineering Inspections reports which indicate that an aspect of a property is not normal but not abnormal to the extent that the property could be considered as being in an abnormal condition. Mormon clamp A term applied to a clamp installed around a cylindrical object to connect two halves together. The clamp usually has a U or V cross section that fits over lips on two different portions of a cylinder and serves to pulls two halves together as the clamp is tightened in place. Movable A term used to indicate that something can be readily relocated without undue effort of disassembly. Much more than normal Much more than normal is a term used in Professional Engineering Inspections reports which indicate that an aspect of a property is beyond the expected norm to the extent that the aspect of the property could be considered as being in an abnormal condition by some knowledgeable persons Mullions The vertical and horizontal strips installed over large panes of glass in windows to make it appear that the window is composed of several separate panes of glass. Naugahyde A product name for flexible vinyl plastic film often used for seat covers and other types of protective covering. Noisy The term applied to a piece of equipment that is not operating as quietly as would be expected. An example is a range vent fan that makes an unusually loud noise when it is operating. Nolox A trade name of a product used to cover electrical aluminum conductors where they are connected to copper or plated copper conductors. Nonfunctional A term used to define something that does not function. The term is generally used if something does not function in any manner. Nonmatching A term used by Professional Engineering Inspections to indicate a repair that does not match surrounding surfaces. Normal Normal as used in Professional Engineering Inspection reports is intended to indicate that a property condition is, in the opinion of the inspector, similar to other properties of similar age and type that have been inspected by Professional Engineering Inspections. Deviations from normal are slightly more than normal, more than normal, much more than normal, and abnormal. Noticeable A term used to indicate a condition that is not severe but obvious to one that is looking for an irregularity. Nutone A trade name used by a company that manufactures appliances such as food processor, intercom systems, security systems, and similar types of equipment. Nutshell septic system A trade name of a sewage treatment system usually associated with an aerobic sewage treatment system. Obliterate To completely destroy something. Ohm A measurement term used to indicate the resistance to current flow through a conductor. O'Keefe & Merritt The trade name of an appliance manufacturer. Orangeberg pipe A black composition material pipe used in the 1950's to conduct sewage from a building to a disposal point. Out-of-levelness A term used to indicate a degree of un-levelness in a surface that is expected to be rather level. Owens Corning roof The trade name of a roofing manufacturer. Paneled or paneling The term used to define the wall covering where a natural finish, usually stained, wood panel is applied in a room or rooms. Parquet A term applied to hardwood flooring where the wood flooring is fabricated by small, short, planks assembled together in small (6 to 8 inch) squares. Particle board A panel of wood fabricated by cementing saw dust or small particles of wood together with resins. The material is inexpensive and is usually used in counter tops. Particulate A term used to define the count or number of particles found in a specified quantity of a solution. Passer-by, passers-by A term used to define unnamed and/or unknown persons that may pass by a location. Peel strip The term applied to a strip used to open a package such as the strip provided in band aids, gum, medicine packages and other similar packages. Peeling off The term used to indicate that a film is separating from a surface, such as a paint finish peeling off a siding. Phenolic case A type of plastic case that is usually not flammable. Phenolic cases are usually found in electrical systems. Plane, planing A term used in construction to indicate a surface has been smoothed by cutting away some of a rough covering with a blade. Similar to sanding but the term usually indicates more material is removed than when sanding. Plenum A term used to define the air distribution or inlet box of an air distribution system. In air conditioning, a plenum is a box to which air distribution ducts are connected to carry conditioned air to various rooms. Plies A term used when a film or surface is constructed by adding one film over another. A built-up type roof for residences us usually fabricated with three separate plies cemented together with asphalt. Pneumatic A term used with a system that uses a compressed gas such as an inflatable tire, an air conditioning damper control system, etc. Polybutylene A plastic that has been used in water pipe. The product remains flexible at relatively low temperatures. The plastic has not performed well when exposed to chlorine for extended periods of time. Polyethylene A plastic material that is used for fabricating pipe, plastic film, and other things of a similar nature. Polyurethane A plastic material frequently used to create a foam that becomes hard and acts as an insulation and sealer. The plastic usually does not work well when exposed to the direct rays of the sun. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) A plastic material frequently used for fabrication of water piping, and many other plastic components. The material is widely used in drain pipes and for water distribution pipes outside buildings. Porosity A term used to indicate how porous a material is. A highly porous material is said to have high porosity. Porte-cochere A term used for a portion of a building that is used for cover for automobiles. The porte-cochere usually contains rooms that are high enough above a drive to allow an auto be parked below them. Post-tensioned cable reinforced concrete slab on grade A term used to define a concrete slab that is reinforced with steel cables. The cables are spaced several feet apart in the width and length of the slab, at 90 degrees. The cables are stretched after the concrete has cured so that the slab is placed in compression. Prerogative A term used to indicate that someone has the right to act in a certain way even though it may not be a desirable way to act. Primapell A trade name of a sealant frequently used to seal masonry surfaces against water penetration. Propagate A term used to indicate something is extending across a domain. An example is that a crack has propagated (spread or extended) across a concrete slab. Psi An abbreviation for Pounds per square inch Purlin The term applied to a horizontal member installed across the underside of roof rafters to uniformly transfer vertical bracing support to each rafter Purlins A horizontal structural member, (beam), which runs along the underside mid-span of the roof rafters. Purlins distribute the load, provided by vertical supports, uniformly across the roof rafters. Quoin corners A decorative brick installation at the corners of brick veneer walls which appear to be columns used to support a building. R Max vapor barrier A trade name for a sheathing that is installed on wall studs prior to application of a final exterior siding. The barrier provides insulation as well as vapor penetration protection. Rabbited splices Splices that are formed by a tongue and groove type connection where a joint is formed by sliding several tongues into grooves provided for the purpose. Radiant A term used to define a means of transferring energy such as heat, through space. Ramset fasteners A trade name for a power driven fastener that can be set in concrete, metal, or other hard surfaces. The fasteners are usually driven by an explosive charge. Rebar Reinforcing steel rod used in cast concrete to add strength which resist breaking up of the concrete when stress load is applied to the concrete. Recirculating A term used for something that circulates a fluid through a system, such as hot water recirculated through distribution piping to have instant hot water at fixtures. Recompacted A term referring to compacting a substance that has been un-compacted such as by digging it up. Refloating with asphalt A term used in repair of a built-up type roof where the assembled membrane is covered with a film of asphalt. Rehydrate To return moisture to a substance that has become dehydrated or dried out. Releveled When referring to foundations, it indicates that a foundation has been repaired by adjusting the levelness of a foundation. Reoccurrence The occurrence of something that has been corrected and after a period, the condition occurred again. Retrieve To acquire something that has been lost. Rheem A trade name for appliances such as air conditioning or water heaters that are manufactured by The Rheem manufacturing company. Rheostat An electrical device that allows control of voltage to an electrical component. Ringed shank nails Nails that have raised rings around their shafts. The rings engage the grain in wood an prevent the nails from being pulled from the wood into which they have been driven. Romex electrical wiring Insulated electrical wiring sheathed in paper and a protective plastic or fabric coating to protect the electrical conductors from being exposed when the wiring is abraided. Rotisserie A straight rod that is used to hold an item being cooked over a heat source while the item is rotated to distribute heat to its surface. Roto-Rooter A trade name of a company that unstops clogged plumbing drains. Router A tool with a high speed bit that is used, among other things, to shape trim edges and to cut decorative holes in wood surfaces. Rust-Oleum A trade name of a paint used to coat metal items with the intent of preventing corrosion. Ruud A/C The trade name of an air conditioning system made by Rheem Manufacturing which is generally identical to certain models of Rheem air conditioners. Sag, sagging A term used by Professional Engineering to indicate deflection in a beam, lintel, roof, floor, header, or other similar component, Saltillo tile A Mexican tile with a certain texture and surface finish that is frequently used to cover floors in residences. Saw kerfs A gap in material left by the passage of a saw blade through the material. A saw kerf is frequently used when installing counter flashings on brick veneer. Schedule 40 PVC An ASTM designation for PVC plastic pipe that is frequently used for water distribution and drain lines. Schematic A line drawing used to define plumbing piping routing, an electrical circuit layout, street layout, or any other planned arrangement. Scrap, scrapped, scrapping In construction, the term usually refers to incomplete pieces of materials left over after construction has been completed. Scrape, scraped, scraping To remove a surface coating by shearing away the coating with a sharp blade. A term frequently used when removing paint from a surface. Seep, seepage A term used to define a very slow leak or flow of a liquid from a source. Example is a seeping (very small) leak of water from a shutoff valve. SEER The acronym stands for seasonal electrical efficiency rating. The number is obtained by dividing the cooling provided in BTU by the amount of electrical energy required in watts to obtain the cooling. Seized or galled threads A condition where the threads of device have stuck because the metals making up the threads have fused so that the male and female portions of the threads cannot pass each other. Serviceable A term used to define something that is functional even though the item may be in need of repair or servicing to make it function in the manner for which it was intended. Shear, shearing A term used to indicate relative movement between two surfaces such as the ceiling and wall of a room or the adjacent walls of a room. Sheared A term used to indicate that something has failed because of excessive applied force. Another usage is where a material such as sheet metal is cut with a scissors type device. Sheer Is reference to a very thin material such as cloth that can be used for curtains or wall coverings. Sheet metal A relatively thin sheet of metal that can range from a few thousands of an inch thick to about 1/4 inch thick. Sheetrock A term used to define gypsum board when used to cover interior walls of buildings. Shim, shimming A piece of material used as a spacer to keep two surface separated by a desire distance. Ship lap A wood siding that is made so that the siding can be over lapped at the edges of planks to for a siding membrane to exclude rain water during rains. The siding is usually installed with the planks horizontal. Shower Diverter Valve The valve at the tub/shower, or shower enclosure, which allows water to be diverted between a spigot and the shower head. Sight glass A glass window in the liquid line of a refrigerant system that allows one to see if there are vapor bubbles in the liquid refrigerant line. Sight glasses are also used in swimming pool back flush lines and other types of lines or pipes to determine the visible condition of liquids in the lines or pipes. Silicone A term that is used to define a rubbery caulking and sealing materials. The material is also used for cement to hold windows in place and for a multitude of other needs. Sill plates The lower plate of a wall that is used to support and hold the components of a wall in place. The seal plate of a wall in a building is usually fastened in place with bolts or Ramset fasteners. Similar A term used to indicate that something like an object is like another object but not exactly the same. Siphon The passing of a fluid through a hose, tube, or pipe where the suction left by the passage pulls additional liquid after the flowing liquid. Skewed A term used to indicate that two objects do not align, but are oriented in different directions. Slightly more than normal Slightly more than normal is a term used in Professional Engineering Inspections reports which indicate that an aspect of a property is not completely normal but not seriously abnormal as compared to other properties of similar age and type that have been inspected by Professional Engineering Inspections. Slope, sloping A term used in foundation evaluation to indicate the downward pitch of a surface that has been effected by movement of the foundation. Soffit Area at the underside of the roof overhang between the facia board and the wall of the structure. Structures without roof overhangs have no soffits. Solenoid A relay that is activated by a lower voltage power source to connect a higher voltage and power to a load. An example is the contactor in and air conditioning system that is operated by about 24 volts to connect 240 volts to a compressor. Spaced decking a term used to define the slats used to support the shingles of a wood shingle roofs. Spacers Blocks or shims that are installed between something to maintain a specified distance. Spalling To break up into chips or fragments. A term used when paint separates from a surface and falls a way in pieces or when concrete breaks up and falls away from a wall or foundation. Spandrel beams Beams usually made of concrete that are used as a floor on one side and act as the structural member to support the floor. Spark Arrester A device normally installed at the outlet of something that can emit sparks. An example is the flue of a fireplace. The spark arrester captures sparks to reduce fire hazard. Splashblock A term used to define small concrete troughs that are placed at the base of gutter downspouts to collect rain water and direct it away from the side of a building. Splashblocks Blocks placed below the discharge point of a gutter downspout to divert water away from the foundation of a structure. The splashblock reduces the detrimental effects that erosion may have on the performance of a foundation at the discharge point of a gutter downspout. Splashguard A device that is placed so that splash from something will be intercepted. An example is the mud flaps placed back of the wheels of trucks. Splitter box An electronic device that is used to provide identical electrical signals from a single source to two or more locations. Spongy A term used to indicate when something is soft but resilient as opposed to hard and not flexible. Sporadic Something that occurs occasionally with an unknown frequency. Squeak The sound emitted from two or more surfaces being rubbed together, usually with out proper lubrication, such as a motor shaft that is in need of lubrication. Squeal A shrill sound that is uniform in loudness and occurs for a short period of time. Squeeze blocks A term used for the blocks installed between floor joists to support the ends of joists against a beam or other wood support member. Stiffbacks Structural members placed across the ceiling joists that span a room to maintain alignment between adjacent joists. This keeps the room ceiling smooth when a covering such as sheetrock is applied. Stiffback are not support beams and should never be loaded with the roof structure.. Strip, stripped, stripping A strip of material such as the beryllium copper strip used at the edges of exit/entrance doors to limit air infiltration. This material is known as weather stripping. Stripe, striped, striping To remove a surface finish from a material. Paint is often removed (stripped) from a wall or surface prior to repainting. Stub-up A term used to indicate that preparation has been made to install a fixture. An example is that a drain pipe is stubbed up in the floor in preparation for attaching a toilet. Styrofoam A type of usually white board like foam frequently used for insulation. Styrofoam is used as a sheathing in many homes today. Substantiate To verify or support that something has been done or is a fact. Substrate A material used below an exposed material such as a built-up roof is installed over a layer of felt paper. The felt paper is a substrate. Subterranean A term used to indicate that something is installed below the surface of the soil. A foundation is usually releveled with subterranean piers. Sub-Zero freezer A home freezer with the trade name indicating the manufacturer. Suction side filter dryer A filter dryer installed in the return refrigerant line of an air conditioning system. The dryer is used to neutralize acids, remove contaminants, and remove moisture from the refrigerant of a system. Support, railing A railing with balusters used to support an upper structure. Surewall (fiberglass wall) A trade name for a stucco like siding that is applied like stucco. Surewall has fiberglass fibers embedded in it for increased strength. Surveillance A term used to indicate that something should be observed closely for an undefined period of time. Swale A lengthy depression in the surface of the soil that is somewhat like a ditch but the sides are gently sloped away from the center. A swale can carry water away from an area without the ditch feature being apparent. Tamko Awaplan roof A single ply, modified butimen, built-up type roof manufactured by Tamko roofing company. Tape, taping A flexible material that has a tacky surface or surfaces that adheres to another surface when placed against it and pressed into place. Tappan The trade name of a manufacturer that manufactures kitchen appliances, air conditioners, and other residential equipment. Tecumseh compressor An air conditioning compressor manufactured by Tecumseh manufacturing company. Tendency A term used to indicate that something may likely perform in a certain manner. An example is that there is a tendency for a spherical object o roll off a sloped table surface. Tensile strength The type of strength of a material to resist a load that is pulling the fibers of the material apart rather than compressing them. Terrazzo A registered trade name of a surface finish where aggregate is mixed with cement, spread to form a surface, allowed to cure, and then the surface is ground to a polished smooth finish. Thermador A trade name of what is considered high quality kitchen equipment. Thermocoate A trade name for a sheathing product often called Denney Board. The sheathing has a reflective surface that provides some insulating quality as well as moisture resistance. Thermocouple A device used to generate electrical energy to operate safety devices and controls used in gas systems. The device is also used in electrical coolers and for other similar applications. Thermopane Trade name for windows designed with insulation considerations, typical double pained with an inert gas or evacuated area between pains. Thermopane window The trade name of a double paned window which provides better insulation than a single pane of glass. Thompson's Water Seal A silicone based water repellent with the trade name of the manufacturer. The substance can be applied to a porous surface to render it water proof. Threshold The plate at the floor level of a door located between the casing edges that mark the interior from the exterior of the door. THW or TW Electrical wire A single strand of insulated electrical wire that must be installed in a protective conduit or container when in use. Toe-nailed A means of fastening the end of a plank such as a floor joist to the side of a beam with nails where the nails are the only means of supporting the end of the joists. Tongue-and-groove A term used for planks in wall siding where the planks are secured together at the edges by a tongue on one side of a plank in the groove of the opposite side of an adjacent plank. Trane air conditioning or compressor The trade name of an air conditioning system manufactured by the Trane, a division of American Standard. TSP An abbreviation for a cleaner called Tri Sodium Phosphate. The material can be used for cleaning a surface in preparation for painting and to etch a surface so that paint will adhere. Tygon A trade name for very flexible clear pvc plastic pipe. Tyvek A registered trade name of a Dupont vapor barrier material that is placed over sheathing prior to laying bricks or applying an outer siding. Ultraviolet A very high frequency light that is beyond the visible range. The light is harmful to people and can cause plastics to age prematurely. Uncompacted The term refers to a material that is not solidified, such as loose soil that has been dug up and has not been recompressed to a firm state. Undesirable The term refers to a condition or action that is not totally acceptable. Upside down A term used to indicate when something is not in the expected orientation. A car is upside down if it has turned over with the top against the ground. Urea-formaldehyde foam A foam often used for insulation in walls and or attics. The material is very soft and fragile so it must be protected when in use. Urethane A plastic material that is often foamed to a shape and allowed to harden. It can be used in a film or sheet for paint, shoe soles, and other such uses. Usage The act of using something such as electrical power. One refers to electrical energy consumption as power usage over a period of time. Useable A term used to indicate that something is functional enough even though it is not completely perfect. Vacuum The lack of a substance in a space. A vacuum exists when all air has been removed from a container and there is an empty void with nothing in it. Valleys A term used in roofing to indicate where two planes of a roof surface come together. Venturi A term used to define a shaped restriction in a pipe where a flowing fluid accelerates under pressure to maintain a constant volumetric flow the same as at other locations in the pipe. Vertical A term used to indicate when something such as a pole is at 90 degrees to a horizontal surface. Vice versa A term used to indicate that it may be possible for a condition to be in two separate but opposite states at different times. Viscous A term used to indicate when a fluid is not thin but is thick and resists flow. Visqueen vapor barrier A vapor barrier of poly ethylene plastic. The vapor barrier is usually black when used under concrete slabs. Vitreous clay A clay with a glazed surface that will not absorb water. Vitreous clay tile liners are usually installed in fireplace flues of site fabricated fireplaces. Vulnerability A measure of the possibility of something occurring, such as there is a high vulnerability or likelyhood that a building may become infested with termites. Wainscot The wooden paneling of the lower part of an interior wall up to the dado height in a room. Walkway A path intended for one to walk on and in many instances walkway means a paved path that may be paved with concrete, gravel, or other hard surface material. Wall plate The piece of lumber placed at the top and/or bottom of a wall formed with studs. The sole or lower plate supports the wall and the upper structure of a building. The upper plate us used to support and retain the rafters. Wallpaper A paper made with a decorative surface that is applied to a wall surface to improve appearance of a room. Weather stripping The material applied along the edge of a door or window that is usually flexible and capable of spanning a gap between a door edge and the door casing. The strip of material prevents the entry of air. Weatherhood The hood or deflector on a vent opening that is intended to prevent rain water and undesired unconditioned air entry. Weir A barrier across a stream of liquid that is used to divert or measure flow per unit of time. Whisker coils Whisker coils refers to air conditioning coils where there are no flat plate fins but heat transfer is accelerated by whiskers of metal attached to a tube carrying the liquid used for heating or cooling. Wolmanized A trade name of a wood treatment process that renders wood resistant to rot and insect damage. Xs (2Xs 2x4 siding) The X is short for by such as a 2 by 4 inch plank can be indicated by a 2X4 inch plank. Xylol An aromatic hydrocarbon which is distilled from coal tar. It is used as a solvent for synthetic resins and gums. Zeolite A material used in water softeners that attracts colloidal particles in water and retains them until the material is subject to water with a high concentration of salt dissolved in it. When in the presence of salt water, the particles attached to the zeolite are set free and can be washed away by a water back wash. Zip cord A cord built into a package covering that can be used to tear away the covering. The exposed end of the zip cord is pulled on so that it will tear through the package cover and allow it to be pulled away. Return to Home Page Created and Maintained by Professional Engineering Inspections, Inc. Webmaster: Edward Robinson